What vaccines do tweens, teens and young adults need? And when?
Starting at about age 7 through age 18, children and teens need a number of important vaccines to protect them.
The vaccines that are recommended for them help prevent major health problems, including infertility, muscle paralysis, brain damage, blindness, deafness and cancer.
The American Academy of Pediatrics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other medical groups all agree on the schedule of recommended immunizations. They recommend these vaccines at specific ages. Why? It is the age when the vaccine works the best with your child or teen’s immune system. It is also the time when your child or teen needs the protection the most.
Is your preteen or teen behind on some of their immunizations? It is important for them to see their pediatrician and make sure they are fully protected. Vaccines keep others safe, too. That’s why all 50 states have laws requiring children and teens to get vaccines before they can attend school or child care.
Here’s what to know about the vaccines recommended for preteens, teens and young adults, and the diseases they prevent:
Meningococcal vaccines: At age 11 or 12, your teen should get their first meningococcal vaccine. Two kinds of vaccines protect against meningococcus. The meningococcal conjugate vaccine protects against four bacterial strains, which are labeled with the letters A, C, W and Y. Kids get their first dose of this at age 11 or 12 and a booster at age 16.
The meningococcal B (MenB) vaccine protects against a different strain of the bacteria. This vaccine is available for ages 16 to 18. The MenB vaccine is recommended for kids who have certain chronic health conditions that make them more vulnerable or those who may be in an area where there’s an outbreak.
Tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis: At age 11 or 12, we give a vaccine called Tdap. This vaccine is a booster to protect against three diseases: tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis (whooping cough). It’s a slightly different version of a vaccine your child received as a baby (DTaP). The version for teens and adults has a different name because it has lower doses of the diphtheria and pertussis vaccines. (It has the same amount of tetanus vaccine, though.) After your child gets Tdap vaccine at age 11 or 12, they will need a booster every 10 years as an adult as well.
Tetanus is caused by bacteria that naturally live in soil or dust. You can be exposed to the bacteria through any break in your skin. Tetanus produces a toxin that causes painful muscle contractions.
Diphtheria is a disease that causes a serious throat infection, breathing problems and heart failure. Before we had a vaccine, diphtheria killed one out of every five kids who were infected. The vaccine is a lifesaver.
Pertussis (whooping cough) can cause a cough that won’t go away, and sometimes causes vomiting or trouble breathing. The protection your teen got from their childhood vaccine starts to wear off around age 11. That is why a booster is so important.
HPV vaccine: The human papillomavirus vaccine prevents six types of cancer. Vaccinating kids against HPV when they are 9-12 will allow them to build strong immunity against the virus before they are exposed to it. If they don’t get the first dose until age 15, they need three doses.
HPV causes cervical cancer, penile and anal cancers, cancers of the mouth and throat, and genital warts.
Flu shot: The AAP and the CDC recommend the flu shot for everyone 6 months and older every year. The flu shot is very effective at preventing severe influenza disease that leads to hospitalization.
COVID-19: Millions of people around the world, including teenagers and younger children, have received the COVID-19 vaccine. We know the COVID vaccine is safe and effective. Vaccination is the best way to protect teens from long-term problems if they get sick with COVID.
Catching up: Now is the time to catch up on recommended immunizations that your teen may have missed. That includes hepatitis A, hepatitis B, polio, pneumococcal vaccine, the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and the chickenpox (varicella) vaccine. Most all vaccines can be given at the same time as other vaccines.
Heading off to college? Some colleges and universities require students to be vaccinated. Check these requirements now, so your teen can be caught up before they go.
These recommended vaccines are the best way to protect older children and teens and keep others safe, too. Many of them can literally save your teen’s life! Sure, getting a shot may pinch for a moment — but the protection from serious disease lasts a very long time.
Dr. Rebekah Fenton is a pediatrician and adolescent medicine specialist at a school-based health center and community clinic in Chicago. For more information, go to HealthyChildren.org.